Solar Wind & CME Parameters
NOAA Storm Scale
Kp 7 (G3 Strong)
Magnetopause R_mp
7.4 R⊕
Aurora Min Latitude
48.5° N/S
CME 1-AU Transit
61.1 Hours
NOAA Geomagnetic Storm Scale (G1–G5), Kp Index & Orbital Infrastructure Impact
| NOAA Scale | Kp Index | Typical IMF Bz | Magnetopause R_mp | Equatorward Aurora Boundary | LEO Satellite & Grid Impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G1 Minor | Kp 5 | -5 nT | 9.2 R⊕ | 60° Geomagnetic Lat | Minor spacecraft surface charging |
| G2 Moderate | Kp 6 | -10 nT | 8.3 R⊕ | 55° Geomagnetic Lat | Increased LEO thermospheric drag |
| G3 Strong | Kp 7 | -15 nT | 7.4 R⊕ | 50° Geomagnetic Lat | GNSS/PPP-RTK scintillation & orbit decay |
| G4 Severe | Kp 8 | -25 nT | 6.4 R⊕ (Inside GEO!) | 45° Geomagnetic Lat | Geostationary satellites exposed to raw solar wind |
| G5 Extreme | Kp 9 | < -35 nT | 4.8 – 5.8 R⊕ | 35° – 40° Geomagnetic Lat | Grid GIC currents, 400%+ LEO atmospheric drag |
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