Calculate the total return from holding gold over a defined period. Include the initial purchase cost, ending value and additional cash flows so the result reflects the complete holding-period outcome.
This result is a total-period return. It does not convert the return into an annualized figure.
A 20% return over six months and a 20% return over ten years are not equivalent performance experiences. HPR measures the actual complete-period outcome; annualized return normalizes it for time.
Where applicable, include fees, storage, premiums, selling costs or other cash effects in the additional-cost field. That can make the calculated return more realistic than comparing only spot prices.
No. Holding-period return is the complete-period percentage change; CAGR annualizes the result.
Yes, if the final economic value is below the initial investment.
Yes. Include them as additional costs.